Kritik terhadap Israel

Israel
Geografi Tanah Israel Distrik Kota Transportasi Laut Merah Laut Tengah Danau Galilea Laut Mati Yerusalem Tel Aviv Haifa
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Hubungan luar negeri PBB Amerika Serikat Liga Arab Prancis
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Kritik terhadap Israel^[1][2][3] adalah sebuah subjek komentar serta penelitian jurnalistik dan ilmiah dalam lingkup teori hubungan internasional, yang diungkapkan dalam istilah ilmu politik. Israel telah menghadapi kritik internasional sejak diproklamasikan pada tahun 1948 terkait dengan berbagai topik,^[4][5][6][7] baik sejarah maupun kontemporer.

Israel banyak dikritik terkait isu seputar pendiriannya ketika sebagian besar penduduk Arab di wilayah Mandat Palestina melarikan diri atau diusir pada tahun 1948, perilaku angkatan bersenjatanya dalam konflik Arab–Israel, pendirian dan perluasan permukiman ilegal Israel di wilayah Palestina. perlakuannya terhadap warga Palestina, dan blokade Jalur Gaza,^[8] dengan dampaknya terhadap perekonomian wilayah Palestina, proyek nuklir negara tersebut,^[9] dan program pembunuhan yang ditargetkan.^[10][11] Isu-isu lainnya yang juga dikritik antara lain: penolakan untuk mengizinkan pengungsi Palestina pascaperang kembali ke rumah mereka, pendudukan jangka panjang atas wilayah yang diduduki pascaperang, serta pembangunan permukiman di sana. Status Israel sebagai negara demokrasi representatif juga dipertanyakan karena rakyat Israel di wilayah pendudukan diperbolehkan memilih dalam pemilu Israel sedangkan rakyat Palestina tidak.^[12][13][14]

Kritik terhadap kebijakan Israel muncul dari beberapa kelompok: para aktivis di dalam Israel dan di seluruh dunia, PBB, dan organisasi non-pemerintah lainnya termasuk gereja-gereja Eropa, dan media massa. Bias media sering kali diklaim oleh kedua belah pihak yang berdebat. Sejak tahun 2003, PBB telah mengeluarkan 232 resolusi sehubungan dengan Israel, 40% dari seluruh resolusi yang dikeluarkan oleh PBB selama periode tersebut dan lebih dari enam kali lipat resolusi negara urutan kedua, Sudan.^[15]

Balasan dari kritik ini mencakup pernyataan bahwa para kritikus dan kritiknya dicap mendelegitimasi hak keberadaan Israel,^[16][17][18] yang menyebabkan beberapa orang berdebat mengenai batas ketika kritik tersebut dianggap mempromosikan antisemitisme. Istilah "antisemitisme baru" mengacu pada kritik yang dianggap telah melewati ambang batas tersebut.

1. ^ Rosenfeld, Alvin (Feb 2007). "Rhetorical Violence and the Jews". Critical Distance. Diakses tanggal 6 Feb 2011. The ubiquitous rubric "criticism of Israel," however, has also come to designate another kind of discourse--one that has almost become a politico-rhetorical genre unto itself, with its own identifiable vocabulary, narrative conventions, and predictable outcomes 
2. ^ Wiedl, Kathrin Nina (2007). Is Criticism of Israel on Issues of Rights, Pluralism, Equality and Minorities Justified Given the Historic and Regional Context of the State?. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 9783638775489. Diakses tanggal 6 Feb 2011. This essay analyses the criticism of Israel on issues of rights, pluralism, equality and minorities. It views issues, such as the 1948 war, the treatment of Misrachi Jews and raises the question if a Jewish state is racist and colonialistic and excludes minorities, such as Arab Israelis 
3. ^ Community Security Trust (2009). "Antisemitic Discourse Report 2009" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 25 August 2014. Diakses tanggal 6 Feb 2011. The term “criticism of Israel” continued to be used as a catch-all defense against the raising of Jewish concerns about antisemitic manifestations, public speakers, groups, websites, agitprop and other phenomena  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
4. ^ Dershowitz, Alan (2004). The Case for Israel. hlm. 1. The Jewish nation of Israel stands accused in the dock of international justice. The charges include being a criminal state, the prime violator of human rights, the mirror image of Nazism, and the most intransigent barrier to peace in the Middle East. Throughout the world, from the chambers of the United Nations to the campuses of universities, Israel is singled out for condemnation, divestment, boycott and demonization. 
5. ^ Dershowitz, Alan (2009). The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace. hlm. 1–2. For a tiny nation of little more than six and a half million citizens living in an area roughly the size of New Jersey, Israel has proportionally more enemies than any nation on earth. No nation has been threatened more often with divestment, boycotts, and other sanctions. No nation has generated more protests against it on college and university campuses. No nation has been targeted for as much editorial abuse from the worldwide media. No nation has been subjected to more frequent threats of annihilation. No nation has had more genocidal incitements directed against its citizens. It is remarkable indeed that a democratic nation born in response to a decision of the United Nations should still not be accepted by so many countries, groups, and individuals. No other UN member is threatened with physical destruction by other member states so openly and with so little rebuke from the General Assembly or the Security Council. Indeed, no nation, regardless of its size or the number of deaths it has caused, has been condemned as often by the UN and its constituent bodies. Simply put, no nation is hated as much as the Jewish nation. 
6. ^ Hagee, John (2007). In Defense of Israel. hlm. 1. You look toward the United Nations, which Ambassador Dore Gold calls 'the Tower of Babble'. You look at Europe, where the ghost of Hitler is again walking across the stage of history. You open your newspapers and read about American universities, where Israel is being vilified by students taught by professors whose Middle Eastern chairs are sponsored by Saudi Arabia. You look to America's mainline churches and see their initiatives to divest from Israel. You go to the bookstore and see slanderous titles by the former president of the United States - and you feel very much alone. 
7. ^ "Domain Names and Web Hosting by IPOWER". Globalpolitician.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-16. Diakses tanggal 2014-08-18.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
8. ^ Watt, Nicholas; Sherwood, Harriet (27 July 2010). "David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'". The Guardian. London. 
9. ^ "Fact Sheet: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. 2020-03-31. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-09. 
10. ^ Kendall, J. Nicholas (2001–2002). "Israeli Counter-Terrorism: Targeted Killings under International Law". North Carolina Law Review. 80: 1069. 
11. ^ "A look at Israel's targeted killings of militant leaders". AP News. 2019-11-12. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-09. 
12. ^ BARAT, FRANK (April 2011). "Why Israel is Not a Democracy". Diakses tanggal 15 September 2014. Ilan Pappé: No, Israel is definitely not a democracy. A country that occupies another people for more than 40 years and disallow them the most elementary civic and human rights cannot be a democracy. A country that pursues a discriminatory policy against a fifth of its Palestinian citizens inside the 67 borders cannot be a democracy. In fact Israel is, what we use to call in political science a Herrenvolk democracy, its democracy only for the masters. The fact that you allow people to participate in the formal side of democracy, namely to vote or to be elected, is useless and meaningless if you don’t give them any share in the common good or in the common resources of the State, or if you discriminate against them despite the fact that you allow them to participate in the elections. On almost every level from official legislation through governmental practices, and social and cultural attitudes, Israel is only a democracy for one group, one ethnic group, that given the space that Israel now controls, is not even a majority group anymore, so I think that you’ll find it very hard to use any known definition of democracy which will be applicable for the Israeli case. 
13. ^ Gorenberg, Gershom (2009-12-04). "Is Israel a Democracy?". The American Prospect. Diakses tanggal 20 September 2014. Whether it ends the occupation and discrimination against Arab citizens within its borders will alter our perception of whether the nation began as an imperfect democracy or a false one. Today's political battles, strangely enough, will determine not only its future but also its past. 
14. ^ "Israeli-Occupied Territories". freedomhouse.org/. Freedom House. Diakses tanggal 15 September 2014. 
15. ^ "UN Resolutions between 2003 and today by country". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-18. Diakses tanggal 2010-12-11.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
16. ^ "Want to Delegitimize Israel? Be Careful Who You Mess With". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 24, 2010.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
17. ^ Bard, Mitchell (2008). Will Israel Survive. hlm. 1. Israel might be the only country in the world whose right to exist is debated and whose future is questioned. Can you imagine anyone asking whether the United States will survive or whether it should exist? Or anyone saying "no" if asked? 
18. ^ "Eroding Israel's Legitimacy in the International Arena - Reut Institute". reut-institute.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-25. Diakses tanggal 2021-05-18.  Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)